Other Ways for HIV-Positive women to have children

During pregnancy, delivery, or breast-feeding, HIV Doctor in Delhi can be passed from an infected woman to her foetus. In certain impoverished nations, this is still the most common method of HIV transmission. HIV can be transmitted to the foetus during the first or second trimesters of pregnancy, according to virology investigations of aborted foetuses. Maternal transmission to the foetus, on the other hand, is most common during the prenatal period. According to two studies conducted in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (then known as Zaire), the relative proportions of HIV transmission before birth, 50–65 percent during birth, and 12–20 percent via breast-feeding were 23–30 percent before birth, 50–65 percent during birth, and 12–20 percent via breast-feeding.

In the absence of antiretroviral therapy for the mother during pregnancy, labour, and delivery, as well as prophylactic antiretroviral therapy for the foetus after birth, the risk of HIV transmission from mother to infant/fetes ranges from 15 to 25% in developed countries and from 25 to 35 percent in developing countries. These disparities could be related to the quality of prenatal treatment provided, the stage of HIV infection, and the mother's overall health throughout pregnancy. Many factors have been linked to higher rates of transmission, the well-documented of which is the presence of high maternal plasma viremia, with the risk increasing linearly with the amount of maternal plasma viremia. If the mother's plasma viremia level is elevated, mother-to-child transmission is extremely rare. A closer human leukocyte antigen (HLA) match between mother and kid is also linked to mother-to-child transmission. Another well-documented risk factor for transmission is a protracted time between membrane rupture and delivery. Other disorders that could be risk factors but haven't been shown are chorioamnionitis at delivery, STIs during pregnancy, illicit drug use during pregnancy, cigarette smoking, premature delivery, and obstetrical procedures like caesarean section.

Amniocentesis, amnioscopy, foetal scalp electrodes, and episiotomy are examples of procedures. In pregnant women undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART), the rate of mother-to-child transmission has dropped to less than 1%. In the United States and other industrialised countries, such therapy, together with caesarean section delivery, has made HIV transmission from mother to child extremely rare. In this regard, both the US Public Health Service and the World Health Organization recommend that all HIV-infected pregnant women get life-long ART for the mother's health as well as to avoid perinatal transmission (independent of plasma HIV RNA copy number or CD4+ T-cell counts).

In some underdeveloped countries, breast-feeding is a major mode of HIV transmission, especially when mothers continue to breast-feed for lengthy periods of time. Detectable amounts of HIV in breast milk, mastitis, low maternal CD4+ T-cell counts, and maternal vitamin A deficiency are all risk factors for mother-to-child HIV transmission via breast-feeding. The risk of HIV infection from breast-feeding is highest in the first few months.  Furthermore, compared to mixed feeding, exclusive breast-feeding has been linked to a decreased risk of HIV transmission. Breast-feeding by an HIV-positive mother is not recommended in developed nations because alternative kinds of appropriate nourishment, such as formulas, are readily available. In underdeveloped countries, where breast-feeding is important for the newborn's general health, continuing ART in the infected mother during the nursing phase significantly reduces the chance of HIV transmission to the infant. In truth, ART treatment for a pregnant woman should be administered for the woman's benefit as well as the prevention of mother-to-child transmission, and it should be continued after the pregnancy, for the rest of her life.

To find out if you have HIV, get tested as soon as possible.

• HIV treatment will prevent transmission to your infant more successfully if it is discovered and treated early.
• Get tested again in your third trimester if you or your partner participate in behaviours that put you at risk for HIV.
• You should also advise your partner to undergo HIV testing.

Take antiretroviral treatment if you don't have HIV but are at risk.

• If you have an HIV-positive partner and are thinking about getting pregnant, talk to your doctor about PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis).
• While trying to conceive, during pregnancy, or while breastfeeding, PrEP may be an option to help protect you and your baby from contracting HIV.
• To see if PrEP is correct for you, fill out the form below.

To Treat HIV, Take Medicine

·       If you have HIV and take your HIV treatment as directed during pregnancy and childbirth, as well as giving HIV medicine to your baby for 4 to 6 weeks after birth, your chance of transferring HIV to your baby is as low as 1%.

·         Because breast milk carries HIV, you can avoid transferring HIV to your infant by not breastfeeding after delivery.

·         Encourage your HIV-positive companion to start and maintain treatment. This will stop your partner from infecting you with HIV. HIV-positive people who follow their medication as directed and achieve and maintain an undetectable viral load will not pass the virus on to their sex partner.

 

 

 

 

Dr. Raina’s Safe Hands Clinic

Dr. Vinod Raina HIV Doctors in Greater Kailash

Contact Us-9136363692|9871605858

Address: — Saket E-34, Ekta Apartments near

Malviya Nagar Metro Station Gate No-4 New Delhi-110017

 

Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV

 The astonishing global expansion of the HIV pandemic has been matched by an explosion of information in the domains of HIV virology, pathogenesis (both immunologic and virologic), treatment of HIV illness, therapy and prophylaxis of HIV-associated opportunistic infections, and HIV prevention. The volume of knowledge about HIV Treatment Near me is massive and growing, making it nearly impossible for a health-care generalist to keep up with the latest research. The goal of this chapter is to provide the most up-to-date information about the pandemic's extent, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention as well as vaccine development potential Above all, the goal is to provide a sound scientific foundation and realistic clinical guidelines for an up-to-date approach to HIV care.

 

Patients are classified by the current CDC categorization system for HIV infection and AIDS based on clinical symptoms associated with HIV infection as well as the level of CD4+ T lymphocyte count. A proven HIV infection can be categorized into one of five stages (0, 1, 2, 3, or unknown). If a negative HIV test was obtained within 6 months after the first HIV infection diagnosis, the stage is 0 and will remain thus for another 6 months. If one or more specific opportunistic illnesses have been discovered, advanced HIV disease (AIDS) is defined as stage 3. Otherwise, CD4+ T lymphocyte test results and immunologic parameters are used to define the stage. The diagnostic and staging criteria for AIDS are complex and extensive, and they were developed for monitoring rather than actual patient care.

ETIOLOGIC AGENT

HIV is the etiologic agent of AIDS; it belongs to the Retroviridae family of human retroviruses and the Lentiviruses subfamily. Other animals, such as sheep, horses, goats, cattle, cats, and primates, are infected with nononcogenic lentiviruses. The human T lymphotropic viruses (HTLV)-1 and HTLV-2, which are transforming retroviruses, and the human immunodeficiency viruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2, which produce cytopathic effects either directly or indirectly, are the two retroviruses known to cause human disease. HIV-1, which has various subtypes with different regional distributions, is the most common cause of HIV illness around the world, and certainly in the United States. HIV-2 was first discovered in West African patients in 1986 and was initially exclusive to that region. Cases linked to West Africa or sexual contact with West Africans, on the other hand, have been reported all over the world. HIV-1 groups M, N, O, and P, as well as HIV-2 groups A through H, are most likely derived from independent transfers to humans from nonhuman monkey reservoirs. HIV-1 viruses were most likely spread by chimps and/or gorillas, while HIV-2 was spread by sooty mangabeys. The HIV-1 M group viruses are the primary cause of the AIDS pandemic. Despite the fact that HIV-1 group O and HIV-2 viruses have been discovered in many nations, including the developed world, they have generated far more limited epidemics. Infections with group N and group P viruses are uncommon and virtually entirely limited to Cameroonians or Cameroonian travelers.

MORPHOLOGY OF HIV

The HIV virion is an icosahedral shape with multiple exterior spikes created by the two primary envelope proteins, external gp120 and transmembrane gp41, according to electron microscopy. The HIV envelope is a three-dimensional trimeric heterodimer. The virion forms a lipid bilayer that incorporates a number of host cellular proteins after budding from the infected cell's surface.

Early signs of HIV include:

• Headache.
• Fatigue.
• Aching muscles.
• Sore throat.
• Swollen lymph nodes.
• A red rash that doesn't itch, usually on your torso.
• Fever.
• Ulcers (sores) in your mouth, esophagus, anus, or genitals.
  

SEXUAL TRANSMISSION

In most parts of the world, HIV infection is primarily a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Although male-to-male sexual transmission predominate in many Western countries, heterosexual transmission is by far the most prevalent mode of infection, particularly in underdeveloped countries. Although a number of factors influence the efficacy of heterosexual HIV transmission, including viral load and the prevalence of ulcerative genital illnesses, such transmission is often ineffective. In the absence of antiretroviral medication or condom use, a recent systematic study indicated a low per-act probability of heterosexual transmission: 0.04 percent for female-to-male transmission and 0.08 percent for male-to-female transmission during vaginal intercourse. HIV has been found in both infected and non-infected seminal fluid.

cell-free substance and mononuclear cells The virus appears to concentrate in the seminal fluid, especially when the fluid has an increased number of lymphocytes and monocytes, as seen in genital inflammatory diseases including urethritis and epididymitis, which are closely linked to other STIs. Cervical smears and vaginal fluid have both tested positive for the virus. When compared to unprotected receptive vaginal intercourse, the risk of HIV transmission associated with unprotected receptive anal intercourse (URAI) is higher in both men and women. Despite the lack of data, the per-act risk of HIV transmission via URAI has been estimated to be 1.4%. Because only a thin, fragile rectal mucosal membrane separates the deposited semen from potentially susceptible cells in and beneath the mucosa, and micro-trauma of the mucosal membrane has been linked to anal intercourse, the risk of HIV acquisition associated with URAI is higher than that seen with penile-vaginal intercourse.

 

 

Dr. Raina’s Safe Hands Clinic

Dr. Vinod Raina HIV Doctors in Saket

Contact Us-9136363692|9871605858

Address: — Saket E-34, Ekta Apartments near

Malviya Nagar Metro Station Gate No-4 New Delhi-110017