The astonishing global expansion of the HIV pandemic has been matched by an explosion of information in the domains of HIV virology, pathogenesis (both immunologic and virologic), treatment of HIV illness, therapy and prophylaxis of HIV-associated opportunistic infections, and HIV prevention. The volume of knowledge about HIV Treatment Near me is massive and growing, making it nearly impossible for a health-care generalist to keep up with the latest research. The goal of this chapter is to provide the most up-to-date information about the pandemic's extent, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention as well as vaccine development potential Above all, the goal is to provide a sound scientific foundation and realistic clinical guidelines for an up-to-date approach to HIV care.
Patients are classified by the current CDC categorization system for HIV infection and AIDS based on clinical symptoms associated with HIV infection as well as the level of CD4+ T lymphocyte count. A proven HIV infection can be categorized into one of five stages (0, 1, 2, 3, or unknown). If a negative HIV test was obtained within 6 months after the first HIV infection diagnosis, the stage is 0 and will remain thus for another 6 months. If one or more specific opportunistic illnesses have been discovered, advanced HIV disease (AIDS) is defined as stage 3. Otherwise, CD4+ T lymphocyte test results and immunologic parameters are used to define the stage. The diagnostic and staging criteria for AIDS are complex and extensive, and they were developed for monitoring rather than actual patient care.
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
HIV is the etiologic agent of AIDS; it belongs to the Retroviridae family of human retroviruses and the Lentiviruses subfamily. Other animals, such as sheep, horses, goats, cattle, cats, and primates, are infected with nononcogenic lentiviruses. The human T lymphotropic viruses (HTLV)-1 and HTLV-2, which are transforming retroviruses, and the human immunodeficiency viruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2, which produce cytopathic effects either directly or indirectly, are the two retroviruses known to cause human disease. HIV-1, which has various subtypes with different regional distributions, is the most common cause of HIV illness around the world, and certainly in the United States. HIV-2 was first discovered in West African patients in 1986 and was initially exclusive to that region. Cases linked to West Africa or sexual contact with West Africans, on the other hand, have been reported all over the world. HIV-1 groups M, N, O, and P, as well as HIV-2 groups A through H, are most likely derived from independent transfers to humans from nonhuman monkey reservoirs. HIV-1 viruses were most likely spread by chimps and/or gorillas, while HIV-2 was spread by sooty mangabeys. The HIV-1 M group viruses are the primary cause of the AIDS pandemic. Despite the fact that HIV-1 group O and HIV-2 viruses have been discovered in many nations, including the developed world, they have generated far more limited epidemics. Infections with group N and group P viruses are uncommon and virtually entirely limited to Cameroonians or Cameroonian travelers.
MORPHOLOGY OF HIV
The HIV virion is an icosahedral shape with multiple exterior spikes created by the two primary envelope proteins, external gp120 and transmembrane gp41, according to electron microscopy. The HIV envelope is a three-dimensional trimeric heterodimer. The virion forms a lipid bilayer that incorporates a number of host cellular proteins after budding from the infected cell's surface.
Early signs of HIV include:
- Headache.
- Fatigue.
- Aching muscles.
- Sore throat.
- Swollen lymph nodes.
- A red rash that doesn't itch, usually on your torso.
- Fever.
-
Ulcers
(sores) in your mouth, esophagus, anus, or genitals.
SEXUAL TRANSMISSION
In most parts of the world, HIV infection is primarily a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Although male-to-male sexual transmission predominate in many Western countries, heterosexual transmission is by far the most prevalent mode of infection, particularly in underdeveloped countries. Although a number of factors influence the efficacy of heterosexual HIV transmission, including viral load and the prevalence of ulcerative genital illnesses, such transmission is often ineffective. In the absence of antiretroviral medication or condom use, a recent systematic study indicated a low per-act probability of heterosexual transmission: 0.04 percent for female-to-male transmission and 0.08 percent for male-to-female transmission during vaginal intercourse. HIV has been found in both infected and non-infected seminal fluid.
cell-free substance and mononuclear cells The virus appears to concentrate in the seminal fluid, especially when the fluid has an increased number of lymphocytes and monocytes, as seen in genital inflammatory diseases including urethritis and epididymitis, which are closely linked to other STIs. Cervical smears and vaginal fluid have both tested positive for the virus. When compared to unprotected receptive vaginal intercourse, the risk of HIV transmission associated with unprotected receptive anal intercourse (URAI) is higher in both men and women. Despite the lack of data, the per-act risk of HIV transmission via URAI has been estimated to be 1.4%. Because only a thin, fragile rectal mucosal membrane separates the deposited semen from potentially susceptible cells in and beneath the mucosa, and micro-trauma of the mucosal membrane has been linked to anal intercourse, the risk of HIV acquisition associated with URAI is higher than that seen with penile-vaginal intercourse.
Dr. Raina’s Safe Hands Clinic
Dr. Vinod Raina HIV Doctors in Saket
Contact Us-9136363692|9871605858
Address: — Saket E-34, Ekta Apartments near
Malviya Nagar Metro Station Gate No-4 New Delhi-110017
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